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relative risk for acute MI (P for trend=0.01).28 Lowest-quintile intakes of -linolenic acid in these latter two trials were 0.7 to 0.8 g/d, and highest quintile intakes, 1.4 to 1.5 g/d. In the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Family Heart Study, a cross-sectional study with 4584 participants, -linolenic acid was inversely related to coronary asbestos artery asbestos disease.29 The prevalence odds ratio of coronary artery disease was reduced 40% for men in the top three quintiles of -linolenic acid intake asbestos and 50% to 70% for women. In contrast, in the Zutphen Elderly Study, a prospective epidemiological study with 667 men, ages 64 to 84 years, there was no beneficial effect of -linolenic acid intake on risk of 10-year coronary artery disease incidence.30 In the latter study, however, these negative results have been explained by the association between -linolenic acid and trans-fatty acid intake,30 as well as by limitations in the collection of the dietary data.31 Despite this latter study, a growing epidemiological database demonstrates a protective effect of -linolenic acid on coronary disease.
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